A service mesh abstracts network complexity from applications by deploying sidecar proxies alongside each service instance, centralizing cross-cutting concerns like encryption, load balancing, and telemetry.
Why it matters
- Enables consistent security policies (mTLS, authorization) across all services automatically.
- Provides deep observability with distributed tracing, metrics, and access logs.
- Simplifies traffic management with canary deployments, circuit breakers, and retries.
- Decouples infrastructure concerns from application logic, reducing developer burden.
Key concepts
- Sidecar Proxy: A lightweight proxy (typically Envoy) deployed alongside each service instance.
- Data Plane: The collection of sidecar proxies handling actual service traffic.
- Control Plane: Centralized management components that configure the data plane.
- Service Discovery: Automatic detection of service instances and their endpoints.
- Traffic Policies: Rules for routing, load balancing, timeouts, and retries.
Core capabilities
- Security: Automatic mTLS encryption, identity-based access control, certificate management.
- Observability: Distributed tracing, golden signal metrics, access logging without code changes.
- Traffic Management: Canary releases, A/B testing, traffic mirroring, fault injection.
- Resilience: Circuit breakers, rate limiting, automatic retries with exponential backoff.
Popular service mesh options
- Istio: Feature-rich mesh with extensive policy capabilities; can be complex to operate.
- Linkerd: Lightweight, Rust-based mesh focused on simplicity and performance.
- Consul Connect: HashiCorp's mesh with strong service discovery and multi-datacenter support.
- AWS App Mesh: Managed service mesh for AWS workloads using Envoy.
When to adopt
- Running dozens or hundreds of microservices that need consistent security and observability.
- Requiring zero-trust networking with automatic mTLS between all services.
- Implementing sophisticated deployment strategies like canary releases.
- Needing deep traffic insights without instrumenting every application.
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View all termsAPI Gateway
A service that acts as a single entry point for API requests, handling routing, authentication, rate limiting, and other cross-cutting concerns.
Read more →AWS (Amazon Web Services)
Amazon's comprehensive cloud computing platform offering over 200 services for compute, storage, databases, networking, security, and application development.
Read more →Azure (Microsoft Azure)
Microsoft's cloud computing platform providing integrated services for compute, analytics, storage, networking, AI, and enterprise applications.
Read more →CDN (Content Delivery Network)
A geographically distributed network of servers that cache and deliver web content from locations closest to end users, improving performance and reliability.
Read more →Docker
A platform for developing, shipping, and running applications in lightweight, portable containers that package code with all its dependencies.
Read more →Kubernetes
An open-source container orchestration platform that automates deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications across clusters of hosts.
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