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Understanding .gitignore Patterns
The .gitignore file uses glob patterns to match files and directories. Understanding these patterns is essential for creating effective ignore rules.
Pattern Syntax
| Pattern | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| * | Matches any string except / | *.log |
| ** | Matches directories recursively | **/node_modules |
| ? | Matches single character | file?.txt |
| [abc] | Matches any character in brackets | [Dd]ebug |
| / | Directory separator | /build/ |
| ! | Negation (re-include) | !important.log |
Common .gitignore Templates
Node.js / JavaScript
node_modules/ npm-debug.log* .env .env.local dist/ coverage/
Python
__pycache__/ *.py[cod] venv/ .env *.egg-info/ dist/
macOS
.DS_Store .AppleDouble .LSOverride ._* .Spotlight-V100 .Trashes
VS Code
.vscode/* !.vscode/settings.json !.vscode/tasks.json !.vscode/launch.json !.vscode/extensions.json
.gitignore Best Practices
- Create .gitignore first: Set up your .gitignore before adding files to prevent accidentally committing unwanted files.
- Use templates: Start with established templates for your language/framework to ensure complete coverage.
- Never commit secrets: Always ignore .env files, API keys, passwords, and other sensitive data.
- Ignore build outputs: Generated files like dist/, build/, and compiled binaries should not be tracked.
- Consider a global gitignore: Use a global .gitignore for personal IDE settings to keep project .gitignore clean.
- Document custom patterns: Add comments explaining non-obvious ignore patterns for team members.
Debugging .gitignore Issues
When .gitignore rules don't work as expected, Git provides helpful commands to diagnose issues:
git check-ignore -v <file>Shows which .gitignore rule is affecting a file
git status --ignoredLists all ignored files in the repository
git rm --cached <file>Stops tracking a file that's already committed
Frequently Asked Questions
Common questions about the .gitignore Generator
A .gitignore file tells Git which files and directories to ignore when tracking changes in your repository. It prevents sensitive data, build artifacts, dependencies, and system files from being accidentally committed to version control.
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