What are SQL formatting best practices and conventions?

Standard conventions: UPPERCASE keywords (SELECT, FROM, WHERE, JOIN, ORDER BY), lowercase or PascalCase for table/column names, indent subqueries and CASE statements, one column per line in SELECT (for long lists), JOIN conditions on separate lines, align ON/WHERE clauses, use table aliases for clarity (t1.column vs long_table_name.column), meaningful alias names. Line length: max 80-120 characters. Comments: -- for single line, /* */ for blocks. Trailing commas: after each column except last (easier to add/remove). This tool follows industry-standard SQL Style Guide with customizable options.

How do I format complex SQL with JOINs and subqueries?

Structure with clear hierarchy: main SELECT at left margin, each JOIN indented one level, ON conditions indented under JOIN, subqueries indented within parentheses, CASE statements indented per clause. Example pattern: SELECT columns, FROM table1 t1, INNER JOIN table2 t2, ON t1.id = t2.id, WHERE condition. Subquery: SELECT * FROM (SELECT nested FROM inner) sub WHERE sub.x = 1. Align related clauses vertically. Use line breaks before major keywords (JOIN, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY). This tool handles nested queries, CTEs (WITH clauses), and multiple JOINs with proper indentation.

What is the difference between SQL dialects (MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQL Server)?

All use ANSI SQL standard but have dialect-specific features. MySQL: LIMIT for pagination, backticks for identifiers, CONCAT() for strings. PostgreSQL: advanced types (JSON, arrays, hstore), LIMIT/OFFSET, double quotes for identifiers, RETURNING clause. SQL Server: TOP for limiting, square brackets [identifiers], GETDATE(), ISNULL(). Oracle: ROWNUM, dual table, (+) for outer joins, TO_DATE(). SQLite: limited ALTER TABLE, AUTOINCREMENT. Keywords mostly same (SELECT, JOIN, WHERE), but functions and syntax details differ. This tool recognizes major dialects and formats accordingly with appropriate syntax highlighting.

How do I handle long SELECT column lists and maintain readability?

Put each column on separate line for lists >3 columns. Align columns vertically. Use trailing commas (easier to add/remove columns). Group related columns with blank lines. Add comments for complex expressions. Example: SELECT id, name, email, created_at, COUNT(orders.id) AS order_count. For calculated fields: meaningful aliases. Star (*) acceptable for ad-hoc queries but specify columns in production (future-proof against table changes). Use table aliases for clarity: t1.id vs table_with_long_name.id. This tool auto-formats column lists with proper indentation and alignment.

What are CTEs (Common Table Expressions) and how should I format them?

CTEs use WITH clause to create named temporary result sets, improving readability over nested subqueries. Syntax: WITH cte_name AS (SELECT ...) SELECT * FROM cte_name. Multiple CTEs: WITH cte1 AS (...), cte2 AS (...) SELECT .... Benefits: named intermediate results, recursive queries, better performance plans (sometimes). Format: WITH on separate line, CTE name + AS on next line, indented SELECT within parentheses, main query at same level as WITH. Recursive CTEs: WITH RECURSIVE for tree/hierarchy queries. This tool formats CTEs with proper nesting and indentation for maximum readability.

How do I format CASE statements and conditional logic in SQL?

CASE statement formatting: CASE on first line, each WHEN/THEN on separate line, indented, ELSE indented same as WHEN, END aligned with CASE. Example: CASE WHEN condition1 THEN result1 WHEN condition2 THEN result2 ELSE default END AS alias. For complex conditions: break to multiple lines. Searched vs simple: CASE expression WHEN value (simple) vs CASE WHEN condition (searched). Use meaningful aliases for CASE results. Nested CASE: indent additional level. Alternative: COALESCE() for NULL handling, IIF() in SQL Server. This tool automatically indents CASE statements with proper alignment.

Should I use tabs or spaces for SQL indentation?

Spaces are recommended for consistency across editors and environments. Standard: 2 or 4 spaces per indentation level. Tabs vary by editor settings (2, 4, 8 spaces) causing alignment issues. Mix of tabs and spaces causes formatting chaos. Modern practice: configure editor to insert spaces when Tab key pressed (soft tabs). For teams: define in style guide and enforce with linters (SQLFluff, sql-formatter-cli). Git: consistent spacing prevents meaningless diffs. This tool uses 2-space indentation by default (configurable) ensuring consistent output across all users and platforms.

Home/Tools/Developer/SQL Formatter & Beautifier

SQL Formatter & Beautifier

Format and beautify SQL queries with proper indentation, keyword capitalization, and line breaks. Supports MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQL Server, Oracle, and more.

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No data is sent to any server. All processing happens locally on your device.

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Keyword Case

Indent Style

SQL Dialect

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What Is a SQL Formatter

A SQL formatter takes raw, unformatted SQL queries and restructures them with consistent indentation, capitalization, and line breaks for improved readability. SQL code that is difficult to read is difficult to review, debug, and maintain. Formatting transforms a dense one-line query into a clearly structured statement where clauses, joins, and conditions are visually distinct.

In production environments, SQL queries can grow to hundreds of lines with multiple joins, subqueries, CTEs (Common Table Expressions), and window functions. Without consistent formatting, these queries become a maintenance burden. A SQL formatter applies configurable style rules automatically, eliminating manual formatting effort and ensuring every team member's queries follow the same conventions.

How SQL Formatting Works

A SQL formatter parses the query into an abstract syntax tree (AST), then reconstructs it according to formatting rules:

Keyword capitalization: SQL keywords (SELECT, FROM, WHERE, JOIN) are capitalized for visual distinction from table and column names.

Clause alignment: Each major clause starts on a new line at a consistent indentation level. Columns in SELECT lists are aligned, and JOIN conditions are indented under their respective JOIN keywords.

Before and after formatting example:

Before:

select u.id,u.name,o.total from users u inner join orders o on u.id=o.user_id where o.total>100 and u.active=1 order by o.total desc limit 10;

After:

SELECT
  u.id,
  u.name,
  o.total
FROM users u
INNER JOIN orders o
  ON u.id = o.user_id
WHERE o.total > 100
  AND u.active = 1
ORDER BY o.total DESC
LIMIT 10;

Common Use Cases

Code review: Formatted SQL is dramatically easier to review for correctness and performance issues
Documentation: Clean SQL in runbooks and wikis helps on-call engineers understand queries quickly during incidents
Learning: Beginners grasp SQL structure faster when queries are well-formatted with clear clause separation
Migration scripts: Format ALTER TABLE and CREATE INDEX statements for version-controlled migration files
Query optimization: Readable formatting makes it easier to spot missing indexes, unnecessary joins, and redundant conditions

Best Practices

Establish a team style guide — Agree on keyword case, indentation width (2 or 4 spaces), and comma placement (leading vs. trailing)
Format before committing — Add SQL formatting to your pre-commit hooks or CI pipeline
Use CTEs for readability — Common Table Expressions (WITH clauses) are clearer than deeply nested subqueries
Keep lines under 120 characters — Long lines force horizontal scrolling and reduce readability
Comment complex logic inline — Add comments above non-obvious WHERE conditions or JOIN predicates

References & Citations

Simon Holywell. (2024). SQL Style Guide. Retrieved from https://www.sqlstyle.guide/ (accessed January 2025)
PostgreSQL Documentation. (2024). SQL Formatting Best Practices. Retrieved from https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql.html (accessed January 2025)

Note: These citations are provided for informational and educational purposes. Always verify information with the original sources and consult with qualified professionals for specific advice related to your situation.

Frequently Asked Questions

Common questions about the SQL Formatter & Beautifier

Formatted SQL improves readability, maintenance, and debugging. Benefits: easier to understand complex queries (especially JOINs, subqueries), faster code reviews (teammates read formatted code quicker), catch errors visually (missing commas, parentheses), consistent style across team, easier git diffs (formatted changes are clearer), better documentation, learn SQL structure (formatting reveals query logic). Example: unformatted "SELECT a,b FROM t WHERE x=1 AND y=2" vs formatted with proper line breaks and indentation. Industry standard: uppercase keywords (SELECT, FROM, WHERE), indented subqueries and JOINs. This tool automatically formats to best practices.